Folksonomy

The list of adjective-noun and verb-noun pairs from the previous section was used to query and download audio recordings from freesound.org. The website has the largest archive of sounds with around 230,000 recordings, which allowed us to collect audio in a large-scale. Moreover, the website has been successfully employed before to create popular datasets (ESC-50, Freefield, UrbanSounds) [13], [34], [14]. Other websites such as soundcloud.com and findsounds.com were considered but not employed because they either contained mainly music or had less sound recordings in their archives.

The freesound.org website is a collaborative repository of audio where users upload recordings and write tags to describe their content. This folksonomy-like structure of repository has the benefit of reflecting the popular and long-tailed combinations of tags. In this manner we can observe what are the socially-relevant adjectives, verbs and nouns.

Adjective Noun Number of files
annoying air 21
annoying alien 23
annoying computer 45
annoying glitch 49
annoying noise 71
annoying siren 24
annoying sound 58
annoying speech 143
annoying voice 156
annoying woman 137
calm atmosphere 127
calm autumn 28
calm background 56
calm beach 27
calm bird 90
calm car 25
calm city 61
calm evening 28
calm forest 50
calm mood 26
calm morning 26
calm nature 57
calm noise 22
calm piano 46
calm spring 26
calm street 36
calm summer 29
calm water 77
calm waves 36
calm wind 32
calm winter 39
calm wood 23
calm woods 38
chaotic can 42
chaotic cup 41
chaotic garbage 41
chaotic glitch 35
chaotic metal 45
chaotic noise 79
chaotic water 43
crazy alien 20
crazy effects 31
crazy glitch 21
crazy horror 32
crazy laughter 34
crazy man 72
crazy noise 56
crazy speech 42
crazy voice 98
crazy woman 51
creepy alien 93
creepy atmosphere 293
creepy background 175
creepy bird 29
creepy child 36
creepy creatures 12
creepy death 28
creepy door 29
creepy drama 233
creepy effect 106
creepy engine 35
creepy fear 237
creepy ghost 300
creepy glitch 20
creepy guitar 53
creepy halloween 110
creepy hell 122
creepy horror 675
creepy house 36
creepy insects 36
creepy machine 30
creepy man 45
creepy metal 50
creepy monster 159
creepy mood 25
creepy music 50
creepy nightmare 169
creepy noise 130
creepy phantom 189
creepy piano 52
creepy scream 55
creepy sign 39
creepy sound 103
creepy space 90
creepy suspense 290
creepy tension 87
creepy terror 292
creepy thriller 144
creepy voice 135
creepy whisper 37
creepy wind 39
creepy woman 36
creepy zombie 62
cute baby 43
cute voice 74
cute woman 58
distant atmosphere 55
distant background 37
distant bird 47
distant car 26
distant city 48
distant fire 30
distant fireworks 44
distant noise 30
distant rain 30
distant room 21
distant thunder 44
distant train 26
distant wind 30
disturbing fear 24
disturbing horror 47
disturbing scream 18
dramatic action 22
dramatic atmosphere 214
dramatic background 222
dramatic cinema 33
dramatic drama 259
dramatic fear 58
dramatic ghost 81
dramatic guitar 25
dramatic hell 38
dramatic hollywood 73
dramatic horror 178
dramatic mood 81
dramatic music 113
dramatic nightmare 61
dramatic noise 58
dramatic phantom 98
dramatic piano 71
dramatic sound 58
dramatic space 82
dramatic suspense 290
dramatic tension 43
dramatic terror 134
dramatic thriller 40
dramatic trailer 84
echoing alert 83
echoing alien 42
echoing animal 22
echoing atmosphere 90
echoing audio 87
echoing ball 88
echoing bathroom 42
echoing bell 21
echoing bird 57
echoing cell 83
echoing church_bell 38
echoing city 31
echoing club 32
echoing cup 82
echoing dance 40
echoing door 45
echoing effect 149
echoing fireworks 20
echoing footsteps 46
echoing ghost 29
echoing glitch 44
echoing guitar 92
echoing hall 62
echoing hand 86
echoing hands 82
echoing horror 83
echoing house 35
echoing insects 22
echoing man 54
echoing metal 160
echoing monster 116
echoing music 36
echoing noise 149
echoing phone 87
echoing rave 34
echoing ring 87
echoing room 24
echoing sound 67
echoing space 139
echoing spring 26
echoing terror 29
echoing underground 32
echoing voice 189
echoing water 60
echoing woman 30
emotional sadness 22
emotional voice 28
epic effect 19
epic fear 49
epic horror 57
epic man 29
epic music 22
evil alert 84
evil alien 45
evil atmosphere 72
evil audio 82
evil death 25
evil drama 87
evil effect 33
evil fear 114
evil ghost 162
evil halloween 115
evil hell 100
evil horror 361
evil laughter 95
evil man 99
evil metal 91
evil monster 207
evil nightmare 97
evil noise 23
evil phantom 86
evil phone 82
evil ring 83
evil scream 26
evil sign 33
evil sound 35
evil space 62
evil suspense 55
evil terror 52
evil thriller 57
evil videogame 53
evil voice 143
evil woman 49
evil word 24
evil words 22
evil zombie 94
exotic bird 104
exotic zoo 98
extreme car 30
extreme computer 52
extreme death 36
extreme door 68
extreme glitch 152
extreme guitar 105
extreme horror 22
extreme house 40
extreme machine 41
extreme man 18
extreme noise 109
extreme rain 75
extreme rock 100
extreme sound 30
extreme thunder 30
extreme train 21
extreme water 31
extreme wind 39
extreme wood 22
fast car 110
fast door 19
fast engine 63
fast footsteps 19
fast machine 25
fast noise 44
fast race 46
fast sound 22
fast speed 62
fast train 30
fast water 25
flapping bird 47
flapping wings 42
frightening fear 81
frightening gaming 46
frightening ghost 21
frightening horror 113
frightening man 43
frightening noise 25
frightening suspense 26
frightening terror 23
frightening thriller 20
funny alien 45
funny animal 32
funny animation 31
funny baby 27
funny bath 58
funny bathroom 45
funny bird 31
funny child 55
funny comedy 59
funny effect 111
funny english 37
funny fart 27
funny fight 24
funny gaming 30
funny guitar 26
funny happiness 55
funny horror 19
funny humor 100
funny humour 67
funny joke 30
funny joy 82
funny laughter 143
funny man 175
funny noise 83
funny pain 18
funny piano 13
funny robot 35
funny scream 38
funny sound 104
funny space 44
funny speech 82
funny spring 23
funny story 51
funny suspense 25
funny tension 25
funny toy 59
funny videogame 29
funny voice 371
funny water 66
funny woman 183
funny words 34
happy animal 30
happy baby 44
happy bird 23
happy child 70
happy crowd 29
happy effect 31
happy joy 29
happy laughter 28
happy love 18
happy man 27
happy music 24
happy noise 23
happy smile 20
happy sound 35
happy speech 22
happy spring 20
happy voice 103
happy woman 65
heavy car 28
heavy death 36
heavy door 68
heavy guitar 104
heavy horror 22
heavy house 40
heavy machine 42
heavy man 18
heavy noise 55
heavy rain 73
heavy rock 100
heavy sound 29
heavy thunder 30
heavy train 20
heavy water 29
heavy wind 38
heavy wood 22
industrial alert 88
industrial atmosphere 101
industrial audio 83
industrial background 156
industrial can 25
industrial car 29
industrial city 55
industrial construction 66
industrial door 31
industrial effect 173
industrial effects 29
industrial engine 104
industrial factory 226
industrial fan 32
industrial field 33
industrial glitch 56
industrial horror 173
industrial machine 443
industrial man 26
industrial metal 467
industrial noise 376
industrial office 21
industrial phone 83
industrial power 77
industrial ring 91
industrial robot 75
industrial room 26
industrial sound 192
industrial space 44
industrial train 41
loud airplane 26
loud atmosphere 33
loud bird 20
loud bomb 29
loud car 93
loud child 24
loud city 42
loud computer 64
loud construction 18
loud crowd 41
loud effect 49
loud engine 61
loud field 18
loud fight 22
loud fire 33
loud fireworks 42
loud glitch 81
loud guitar 39
loud gun 40
loud horror 27
loud house 34
loud machine 43
loud man 44
loud metal 65
loud military 22
loud nature 27
loud noise 258
loud race 19
loud rain 55
loud road 33
loud room 20
loud scream 54
loud siren 27
loud sound 52
loud street 35
loud thunder 92
loud train 23
loud voice 43
loud water 53
loud wind 68
mechanical alien 187
mechanical atmosphere 38
mechanical background 21
mechanical bell 50
mechanical building 19
mechanical car 28
mechanical city 24
mechanical clock 62
mechanical computer 352
mechanical construction 49
mechanical craft 43
mechanical door 66
mechanical effect 47
mechanical engine 89
mechanical factory 129
mechanical fan 35
mechanical gear 20
mechanical industry 26
mechanical machine 733
mechanical metal 104
mechanical noise 468
mechanical office 20
mechanical operation 16
mechanical power 31
mechanical robot 473
mechanical sound 71
mechanical space 192
mechanical speech 68
mechanical steam 38
mechanical tick 47
mechanical toy 24
mechanical train 23
mechanical voice 78
mechanical water 23
mechanical windows 65
natural animal 34
natural background 27
natural bird 116
natural effect 24
natural field 28
natural forest 30
natural noise 35
natural rain 25
natural sound 56
natural sounds 92
natural space 22
natural spring 33
natural thunder 20
natural water 51
natural wildlife 28
natural wind 44
noisy atmosphere 28
noisy car 58
noisy city 63
noisy crowd 53
noisy fireworks 26
noisy glass 38
noisy glitch 46
noisy machine 26
noisy march 25
noisy metal 21
noisy street 44
noisy water 20
noisy wind 27
peaceful atmosphere 42
peaceful background 31
peaceful beach 27
peaceful bird 101
peaceful city 28
peaceful forest 48
peaceful morning 26
peaceful nature 113
peaceful park 27
peaceful spring 23
peaceful water 71
peaceful waves 36
peaceful wind 31
peaceful woods 26
quiet atmosphere 54
quiet background 28
quiet bird 54
quiet car 27
quiet city 32
quiet forest 27
quiet nature 41
quiet night 47
quiet street 26
quiet water 35
quiet wind 23
rattling atmosphere 25
rattling car 32
rattling door 53
rattling engine 32
rattling glass 24
rattling machine 79
rattling metal 295
rattling motion 42
rattling noise 210
rattling rain 26
rattling suspense 28
rattling toy 29
rattling train 38
rattling wind 62
rattling wood 166
relaxing atmosphere 87
relaxing background 20
relaxing beach 34
relaxing bird 66
relaxing city 19
relaxing creek 51
relaxing forest 35
relaxing meditation 39
relaxing nature 118
relaxing noise 21
relaxing rain 27
relaxing river 83
relaxing spring 20
relaxing stream 91
relaxing water 171
relaxing waves 48
relaxing wind 38
rough dragon 66
rough metal 21
rough noise 20
rumbling body 40
rumbling earth 30
rumbling metal 23
rumbling motion 29
rumbling nature 22
rumbling noise 46
rumbling rain 22
rumbling suspense 27
rumbling thunder 24
rural atmosphere 52
rural background 22
rural bird 93
rural country 46
rural farm 25
rural field 45
rural landscape 27
rural nature 76
rural night 22
rural noise 20
rural spring 26
rural summer 21
sad atmosphere 31
sad background 34
sad guitar 40
sad horror 21
sad melancholy 39
sad music 33
sad piano 62
sad voice 38
sad woman 26
scary alien 122
scary animal 39
scary atmosphere 362
scary background 217
scary bird 45
scary cartoon 27
scary child 33
scary cinema 19
scary creatures 15
scary death 45
scary door 32
scary dragon 23
scary drama 307
scary effect 123
scary engine 37
scary english 20
scary fear 334
scary gaming 46
scary ghost 351
scary guitar 58
scary halloween 158
scary hell 125
scary hollywood 70
scary horror 928
scary house 20
scary insects 34
scary laughter 19
scary machine 28
scary man 85
scary metal 68
scary monster 300
scary mood 90
scary moody 43
scary music 150
scary nature 22
scary night 24
scary nightmare 168
scary noise 143
scary phantom 189
scary piano 37
scary scream 144
scary sign 39
scary sound 150
scary space 166
scary speech 20
scary suspense 393
scary tension 136
scary terror 304
scary thriller 178
scary trailer 89
scary voice 205
scary water 20
scary whisper 32
scary wind 53
scary woman 113
scary zombie 142
scary zombies 20
sharp horror 20
sharp metal 28
sharp piano 20
sharp tension 29
slow bell 31
slow car 20
slow door 31
slow end 20
slow footsteps 33
slow guitar 43
slow hell 23
slow horror 43
slow house 21
slow man 38
slow metal 45
slow music 29
slow noise 43
slow phantom 28
slow piano 61
slow sound 32
slow stop 21
slow suspense 46
slow terror 24
slow train 24
slow voice 41
slow water 27
static american 20
static effect 23
static english 26
static glitch 108
static man 25
static music 28
static noise 341
static record 39
static sound 17
static space 20
static station 18
static suspense 20
static toy 20
static voice 53
strange alien 135
strange atmosphere 100
strange background 42
strange computer 21
strange effect 127
strange effects 90
strange factory 37
strange glitch 70
strange horror 129
strange machine 76
strange man 99
strange monster 37
strange mood 26
strange music 47
strange noise 243
strange scream 47
strange sound 111
strange space 112
strange speech 58
strange suspense 20
strange voice 88
strange water 26
strange woman 41
tropical bird 165
tropical forest 58
tropical frog 22
tropical insects 39
tropical nature 57
tropical night 27
tropical waterfall 19
tropical wind 34
tropical zoo 112
weird alert 92
weird alien 185
weird atmosphere 175
weird audio 90
weird background 124
weird ball 86
weird car 74
weird cartoon 29
weird cell 82
weird choir 20
weird computer 368
weird cup 83
weird death 19
weird drama 89
weird effect 223
weird end 27
weird engine 25
weird factory 39
weird fart 164
weird fear 39
weird fiction 22
weird frog 59
weird ghost 93
weird glitch 114
weird hand 84
weird hell 48
weird horror 263
weird house 28
weird machine 332
weird man 36
weird metal 110
weird monster 112
weird mood 19
weird nightmare 66
weird noise 739
weird phantom 94
weird phone 90
weird piano 25
weird race 54
weird ring 95
weird robot 279
weird scream 45
weird ship 74
weird siren 38
weird sound 154
weird space 235
weird speech 88
weird suspense 137
weird terror 101
weird track 27
weird voice 208
weird wind 20
weird woman 44
windy atmosphere 94
windy autumn 34
windy background 26
windy city 24
windy forest 31
windy nature 77
windy noise 53
windy rain 21
windy tree 22
windy wind 260
windy winter 27
Verb Noun Number of files
accelerating car 81
accelerating engine 82
accelerating noise 25
accelerating race 25
banging army 19
banging bird 20
banging bomb 56
banging car 20
banging city 28
banging construction 28
banging door 119
banging fire 28
banging fireworks 100
banging footsteps 19
banging gun 98
banging metal 234
banging military 27
banging noise 71
banging pot 25
banging rain 21
banging rocket 51
banging thunder 37
banging war 32
banging wind 42
banging wood 97
braking car 17
braking train 30
breaking bones 52
breaking box 63
breaking cup 21
breaking egg 20
breaking footsteps 35
breaking glass 206
breaking glasses 29
breaking ice 67
breaking noise 45
breaking snow 32
breaking waves 22
breaking window 33
breaking wood 42
breathing dog 20
breathing giant 26
breathing man 85
breathing monster 73
breathing voice 57
breathing woman 47
burning fire 201
burning wood 21
clapping crowd 247
clapping hand 32
clapping hands 36
clapping noise 18
clapping thunder 27
clicking bath 57
clicking car 32
clicking computer 93
clicking door 66
clicking fire 41
clicking glitch 110
clicking gun 32
clicking machine 63
clicking metal 63
clicking noise 188
clicking office 28
clicking record 21
clicking tick 73
clicking toy 18
clicking water 74
clicking wind 23
clicking wood 41
crackling bones 24
crackling egg 28
crackling fire 63
crackling footsteps 38
crackling glass 32
crackling ice 85
crackling noise 32
crackling snow 31
crackling thunder 37
crackling water 29
crackling wind 33
crackling wood 55
crying animal 31
crying baby 126
crying bird 47
crying child 95
crying dog 34
crying ghost 38
crying guitar 28
crying insects 24
crying man 54
crying monster 39
crying scream 112
crying voice 101
crying woman 47
dripping bird 22
dripping metal 27
dripping rain 191
dripping river 33
dripping stream 24
dripping toilet 45
dripping water 612
exploding bomb 56
exploding fireworks 23
exploding war 31
falling bird 31
falling body 29
falling can 20
falling coin 24
falling glass 63
falling glasses 31
falling leaves 23
falling metal 72
falling noise 62
falling rain 36
falling rock 18
falling rocks 31
falling stone 59
falling water 59
falling wind 34
falling wood 58
flying airplane 165
flying bee 41
flying bird 77
flying engine 68
flying fly 226
flying helicopter 57
flying insects 72
flying military 24
flying noise 32
flying wings 46
groaning man 23
groaning monster 56
groaning voice 43
groaning zombie 79
growling animal 133
growling bird 27
growling cat 22
growling creatures 11
growling dog 128
growling dragon 61
growling ghost 41
growling guitar 27
growling insects 26
growling monster 337
growling noise 55
growling pet 30
growling scream 41
growling voice 120
growling wolf 33
growling zombie 160
gurgling bubbles 29
gurgling creek 62
gurgling nature 37
gurgling noise 20
gurgling river 65
gurgling stream 115
gurgling toilet 43
gurgling water 262
honking car 41
howling animal 230
howling dog 263
howling monster 20
howling noise 40
howling wind 129
howling wolf 252
laughing baby 60
laughing child 141
laughing crowd 97
laughing english 44
laughing kids 52
laughing man 179
laughing noise 38
laughing phantom 22
laughing speech 22
laughing voice 288
laughing woman 230
opening announcement 20
opening beer 33
opening bell 22
opening book 60
opening box 39
opening cabinet 28
opening can 98
opening cap 38
opening car 119
opening coke 37
opening door 1042
opening drink 76
opening footsteps 32
opening glass 58
opening helicopter 19
opening house 137
opening laughter 47
opening machine 39
opening metal 223
opening noise 63
opening rain 22
opening ship 25
opening soda 62
opening thunder 25
opening train 67
opening trash 18
opening voice 80
opening water 66
opening wind 49
opening window 94
passing airplane 27
passing bird 22
passing car 193
passing engine 61
passing noise 69
passing railway 76
passing ship 19
passing train 182
ringing alert 154
ringing ball 86
ringing bell 572
ringing cell 166
ringing church_bell 89
ringing clock 67
ringing cup 94
ringing glass 174
ringing glasses 29
ringing metal 389
ringing noise 62
ringing phone 329
ringing siren 80
rolling ball 20
rolling can 58
rolling coin 23
rolling metal 64
rolling thunder 38
rolling wood 40
rushing water 50
screaming alien 23
screaming animal 57
screaming baby 51
screaming bird 29
screaming child 130
screaming crowd 36
screaming english 27
screaming fight 21
screaming ghost 35
screaming kids 56
screaming man 191
screaming monster 126
screaming noise 82
screaming voice 240
screaming woman 110
screaming zombie 32
singing bird 164
singing child 58
singing choir 138
singing church_bell 74
singing crowd 41
singing man 127
singing mass 24
singing voice 391
singing woman 184
splashing bath 62
splashing bird 27
splashing bubbles 36
splashing creek 50
splashing fountain 36
splashing glass 27
splashing lake 88
splashing rain 60
splashing river 127
splashing rock 31
splashing ship 30
splashing stone 20
splashing stream 92
splashing water 727
splashing waves 145
squeaking box 63
squeaking car 36
squeaking chair 112
squeaking door 416
squeaking engine 30
squeaking feet 20
squeaking footsteps 59
squeaking glass 27
squeaking house 21
squeaking machine 24
squeaking metal 222
squeaking noise 76
squeaking ship 32
squeaking toy 49
squeaking train 30
squeaking water 21
squeaking wind 30
squeaking wood 243
starting car 175
starting engine 245
starting machine 74
starting noise 43
talking alien 155
talking american 789
talking atmosphere 89
talking baby 113
talking child 123
talking computer 149
talking crowd 195
talking english 962
talking german 24
talking ghost 19
talking kids 63
talking lady 25
talking laughter 40
talking machine 151
talking man 240
talking monster 125
talking noise 100
talking robot 148
talking voice 1598
talking woman 1132
talking zombie 54
ticking bell 43
ticking clock 236
ticking noise 32
tweeting bird 160
walking bird 115
walking crowd 31
walking dog 38
walking feet 189
walking footsteps 795
walking heels 41
walking man 56
walking noise 90
walking shoes 135
walking woman 46
waving lake 36
waving noise 88
waving river 36
waving water 236
waving wind 47
whining dog 42
whining noise 26
whispering alien 27
whispering death 31
whispering english 154
whispering ghost 33
whispering man 166
whispering monster 27
whispering request 20
whispering speech 146
whispering voice 268
whispering woman 164
whistling air 19
whistling bird 33
whistling engine 32
whistling noise 38
whistling railway 34
whistling steam 64
whistling train 112
whistling water 25
whistling wind 82

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